![]() ![]() It is a subset of the clinical syndrome known as “enteric fever”, caused by several Salmonella species. Typhoid fever is caused by a bacterium, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Recommendations are based on CATMAT’s Statement on International Travellers and Typhoid. This chapter update was conducted in collaboration with the Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). The case fatality rate is approximately 10% for untreated cases in low income settings and less than 1% for patients receiving care in high income countries.About 2% to 5% of untreated typhoid cases become chronic carriers. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that there are 21 million cases of typhoid per year.Typh-I vaccine and other travel vaccines may be given concomitantly.Typh-O vaccine may be given concomitantly with or at any time before or after any parenteral vaccine.Administration of oral cholera vaccine and Typh-O vaccine should be separated by at least 8 hours.Typh-O vaccine is contraindicated in individuals with an acute gastrointestinal condition and in immunocompromised persons, including those with known HIV infection.Typh-O vaccine should be taken approximately 1 hour before, or 2 hours after a meal. One capsule of Typh-O should be taken on alternate days to a total of 4 capsules of vaccine for people 5 years of age and older.A single 0.5 mL dose of Typh-I vaccine should be administered for people 2 years of age and older when indicated.typhi and for people in close contact with S. Typhoid immunization is recommended for laboratory personnel at risk of exposure to S.Typhoid immunization is not routinely recommended for travel outside of South Asia however, it might be considered for travellers to other areas, such as Africa, based on individual-specific risk factors and personal preference. ![]()
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